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CARMEN BY PROSPER MÉRIMÉE
ORIGINALLY PUBLISHED IN 1903 BY G. P. PUTNAM’S SONS
COPYRIGHT © 2013 MELVILLE HOUSE PUBLISHING
FIRST MELVILLE HOUSE PRINTING: AUGUST 2013
MELVILLE HOUSE PUBLISHING 8 BLACKSTOCK MEWS
145 PLYMOUTH STREET AND ISLINGTON
BROOKLYN, NY 11201 LONDON N4 2BT
MHPBOOKS.COM FACEBOOK.COM/MHPBOOKS @MELVILLEHOUSE
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONTROL NUMBER: 2013943159
eISBN: 978-1-61219-227-7
v3.1
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Epigraph
I
II
III
IV
Other Books in This Series
Illuminations for Carmen
I. Prosper Mérimée on the way to Carmen
“A tall, erect, pale man …”—Selection from Hippolyte Taine’s Lettres à une inconnue.
The Origin of Carmen—Letter from Mérimée to the Countess Montijo.
Scholarly Pursuits—Selection from Carmen.
Illustration: Map of Andalusia (1635).
An Encounter with Gypsies—Selection from one of Mérimée’s letters to Jeanne Françoise Dacquin.
II. The Influence of George Borrow
Borrow in the Novella—Selection from Carmen.
On Gypsy Dialect—Selection from one of Mérimée’s letters to Jeanne Françoise Dacquin.
An Authoritative Work on Gypsies—Selections from George Borrow’s The Zincali: An Account of the Gypsies of Spain.
Illustration: “Rig to Romany Rye” by George Borrow (1874).
III. Gypsies and Bohemians in the Imagination
Illustration: The Suppliants: Expulsion of the Gypsies from Spain by Edwin Long (1872).
An Early Spanish Gypsy Narrative—Selections from Miguel de Cervantes’ The Gypsy Girl.
“A Russian Parallel”—Passages from Alexander Pushkin’s “The Gypsies.”
Esmeralda—Selection from Victor Hugo’s The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
“The wild air bloweth in our lungs”—Ralph Waldo Emerson’s “The Romany Girl.”
A Different View—Selection from Vicente Blaso Ibáñez’s La Bodega.
Two Bohemians—Charles Baudelaire’s “Gypsies Travelling” and Arthur Rimbaud’s “Sensation”
IV. A Gallery of Noteworthy Carmens
“Carmen”—A poem by Théophile Gautier.
Illustration: “Carmen and Don José” by Prosper Mérimée (ca. 1845).
Illustration: “Célestine Galli-Marié” by Félix Nadar (1875).
Illustration: Advertisement for the film Gypsy Blood (1921).
Illustration: Advertisement for Gitanes cigarettes (1947).
PALLADAS
I
I had always suspected the geographers of not knowing what they were talking about when they placed the battle-field of Munda in the country of the Bastuli-Poeni, near the modern Monda, some two leagues north of Marbella. According to my own conjectures concerning the text of the anonymous author of the Bellum Hispaniense, and in view of certain information collected in the Duke of Ossuna’s excellent library, I believed that we should seek in the vicinity of Montilla the memorable spot where for the last time Caesar played double or quits against the champions of the republic. Happening to be in Andalusia in the early autumn of 1830, I made quite a long excursion for the purpose of setting at rest such doubts as I still entertained. A memoir which I propose to publish ere long will, I trust, leave no further uncertainty in the minds of all honest archaeologists. Pending the time when my deliverance shall solve at last the geographical problem which is now holding all the learning of Europe in suspense, I propose to tell you a little story; it has no bearing on the question of the actual location of Munda.
I had hired a guide and two horses at Cordova, and had taken the field with no other impedimenta than Caesar’s Commentaries and a shirt or two. On a certain day, as I wandered over the more elevated portion of the plain of Cachena, worn out with fatigue, dying with thirst, and scorched by a sun of molten lead, I was wishing with all my heart that Caesar and Pompey’s sons were in the devil’s grip, when I spied, at a considerable distance from the path I was following, a tiny greensward, studded with reeds and rushes, which indicated the proximity of a spring. In fact, as I drew nearer, I found that what had seemed to be a greensward was a marshy tract through which a stream meandered, issuing apparently from a narrow ravine between two high buttresses of the Sierra de Cabra. I concluded that by ascending the stream I should find cooler water, fewer leeches and frogs, and perhaps a bit of shade among the cliffs. As we rode into the gorge my horse whinnied, and another horse, which I could not see, instantly answered. I had ridden barely a hundred yards when the gorge, widening abruptly, disclosed a sort of natural amphitheatre, entirely shaded by the high cliffs which surrounded it. It was impossible to find a spot which promised the traveller a more attractive sojourn. At the foot of perpendicular cliffs, the spring came bubbling forth and fell into a tiny basin carpeted with sand as white as snow. Five or six fine live-oaks, always sheltered from the wind and watered by the spring, grew upon its brink and covered it with their dense shade; and all about the basin, a fine, sheeny grass promised a softer bed than one could find at any inn within a radius of ten leagues.
The honour of discovering so attractive a spot did not belong to me. A man was already reposing there, and was asleep in all probability when I rode in. Roused by the neighing of the horses, he had risen, and had walked towards his horse, which had taken advantage of his master’s slumber to make a hearty meal on the grass in the immediate neighbourhood. He was a young fellow, of medium height, but of robust aspect, and with a proud and distrustful expression. His complexion, which might once have been fine, had become darker than his hair through the action of the sun. He held his horse’s halter in one hand and in the other a blunderbuss with a copper barrel. I will admit that at first blush the blunderbuss and the forbidding air of its bearer took me a little by surprise; but I had ceased to believe in robbers, because I had heard so much said about them and had never met one. Moreover, I had seen so many honest farmers going to market armed to the teeth that the sight of a firearm did not justify me in suspecting the stranger’s moral character.—“And then, too,” I said to myself, “what would he do with my shirts and my Elzevir Caesar?” So I saluted the man with the blunderbuss with a familiar nod, and asked him smilingly if I had disturbed his sleep.
He eyed me from head to foot without replying; then, as if satisfied by his examination, he scrutinised no less closely my guide, who rode up at that moment. I saw that the latter turned pale and stopped in evident alarm. “An unfortunate meeting!” I said to myself. But prudence instantly counselled me to betray no uneasiness. I dismounted, told the guide to remove the horses’ bridles, and, kneeling by the spring, I plunged my face and hands in the water; then I took a long draught and lay flat on my stomach, like the wicked soldiers of Gideon.
But I kept my eyes on my guide and the stranger. The former drew near, sorely against his will; the other seemed to have no evil designs upon us, for he had set his horse at liberty once more, and his blunderbuss, which he had held at first in a horizontal position, was now pointed towards the ground.
As it seemed to me inexpedient to take umbrage at the small amount of respect shown to my person, I stretched myself out on the grass, and asked the man with the blunderbuss, in a careless tone, if he happened to have a flint and steel about him. At the same time I produced my cigar-case. The stranger, still without a word, felt in his pocket, took out his flint and steel and courteously struck a light for me. Evidently he was becoming tamer, for he sat down opposite me, but did no
t lay aside his weapon. When my cigar was lighted; I selected the best of those that remained and asked him if he smoked.
“Yes, señor,” he replied.
Those were the first words that he had uttered, and I noticed that he did not pronounce the s after the Andalusian fashion,* whence I concluded that he was a traveller like myself, minus the archaeologist.
“You will find this rather good,” I said, offering him a genuine Havana regalia.
He bent his head slightly, lighted his cigar by mine, thanked me with another nod, then began to smoke with every appearance of very great enjoyment.
“Ah!” he exclaimed, as he discharged the first puff slowly through his mouth and his nostrils. “How long it is since I have had a smoke!”
In Spain, a cigar offered and accepted establishes hospitable relations, just as the sharing of bread and salt does in the East. My man became more talkative than I had hoped. But, although he claimed to live in the partido of Montilla, he seemed to be but ill-acquainted with the country. He did not know the name of the lovely valley where we were; he could not mention any village in the neighbourhood; and, lastly, when I asked him whether he had seen any ruined walls thereabouts, or any tiles with raised edges, or any carved stones, he admitted that he had never paid any attention to such things. By way of compensation he exhibited much expert knowledge of horses. He criticised mine, which was not very difficult; then he gave me the genealogy of his, which came from the famous stud of Cordova; a noble animal in very truth, and so proof against fatigue, according to his master, that he had once travelled thirty leagues in a day, at a gallop or a fast trot. In the middle of his harangue the stranger paused abruptly, as if he were surprised and angry with himself for having said too much.
“You see, I was in a hurry to get to Cordova,” he added, with some embarrassment. “I had to present a petition to the judges in the matter of a lawsuit.”
As he spoke, he glanced at my guide, Antonio, who lowered his eyes.
The cool shade and the spring were so delightful to me that I remembered some slices of excellent ham which my friends at Montilla had put in my guide’s wallet. I bade him produce them, and I invited the stranger to join me in my impromptu collation. If he had not smoked for a long while, it seemed probable to me that he had not eaten for at least forty-eight hours. He devoured the food like a starved wolf. It occurred to me that our meeting was a providential affair for the poor fellow. My guide meanwhile ate little, drank still less, and did not talk at all, although from the very beginning of our journey he had revealed himself to me in the guise of an unparalleled chatterbox. Our guest’s presence seemed to embarrass him, and a certain distrust kept them at arm’s length from each other, but I was unable to divine its cause.
The last crumbs of the bread and ham had vanished; each of us had smoked a second cigar; I ordered the guide to put the bridles on our horses, and I was about to take leave of my new friend, when he asked me where I intended to pass the night.
I replied, before I had noticed a signal from my guide, that I was going on to the Venta del Cuervo.
“A wretched place for a man like you, señor. I am going there, and if you will allow me to accompany you, we will ride together.”
“With great pleasure,” I replied, mounting my horse.
My guide, who was holding my stirrup, made another signal with his eyes. I answered it with a shrug of my shoulders, as if to assure him that I was perfectly unconcerned, and we set forth.
Antonio’s mysterious signs, his evident uneasiness, a few words that had escaped from the stranger, and, above all, his gallop of thirty leagues, and the far from plausible explanation of it which he had offered, had already formed my opinion concerning our travelling companion. I had no doubt that I had fallen in with a smuggler, perhaps a highwayman; but what did it matter to me? I was sufficiently acquainted with the Spanish character to be very sure that I had nothing to fear from a man who had broken bread and smoked with me. His very presence was a certain protection against any unpleasant meetings. Furthermore, I was very glad to know what manner of man a brigand is. One does not see them every day, and there is a certain charm in finding oneself in the company of a dangerous individual, especially when one finds him to be gentle and tame.
I hoped to lead the stranger by degrees to the point of making me his confidant, and despite my guide’s meaning winks, I turned the conversation to the subject of highway robbers. Be it understood that I spoke of them with great respect. There was in Andalusia at that time a celebrated brigand named José Maria, whose exploits were on every tongue.
“Suppose I were riding beside José Maria!” I said to myself.
I told such stories as I knew concerning that hero—all to his credit, by the way,—and I expressed in warm terms my admiration for his gallantry and his generosity.
“José Maria is a villain pure and simple,” observed the stranger, coldly.
“Is he doing himself justice?” I thought. “Or is this merely an excess of modesty on his part?” For, by dint of observing my companion closely, I had succeeded in applying to him the description of José Maria which I had seen placarded on the gates of many a town in Andalusia. “Yes, it is certainly he: fair hair, blue eyes, large mouth, fine teeth, small hands; a shirt of fine linen, velvet jacket with silver buttons, white leather gaiters, a bay horse. There is no doubt of it! But I will respect his incognito.”
We arrived at the venta. It was the sort of place that he had described, that is to say, one of the vilest taverns that I had seen as yet. A large room served as kitchen, dining-room, and bedroom. The fire was kindled on a flat stone in the middle of the room, and the smoke emerged through a hole in the roof, or rather hung about it, forming a dense cloud a few feet from the floor. Stretched on the ground along the walls could be seen some five or six worn mule-blankets; they were the beds of the guests. Some twenty yards from the house, or rather from the single room which I have described, was a sort of shed, which did duty as a stable. In this attractive abode there were no other human beings, for the moment at least, than an old woman and a little girl of eight or ten years, both as black as soot and clad in shocking rags.
“Behold,” I said to myself, “all that remains of the population of the ancient Munda Boetica! O Caesar! O Sextus Pompey! how surprised you would be, should you return to earth!”
At sight of my companion, the old woman uttered an exclamation of surprise.
“Ah! Señor Don José!” she cried.
Don José frowned and raised his hand with an authoritative gesture which instantly silenced the old woman. I turned to my guide, and with an imperceptible sign gave him to understand that there was nothing that he could tell me concerning the man with whom I was about to pass the night.
The supper was better than I anticipated. On a small table about a foot high we were served with an aged rooster, fricasseed with rice and an abundance of peppers; then with peppers in oil; and lastly with gaspacho, a sort of pepper salad. Three dishes thus highly seasoned compelled us to have frequent recourse to a skin of Montilla wine, which was delicious. After we had eaten, happening to spy a mandolin hanging on the wall,—there are mandolins everywhere in Spain,—I asked the little girl who waited on us if she knew how to play it.
“No,” she replied, “but Don José plays it so well!”
“Be good enough,” I said to him, “to sing me something; I am passionately fond of your national music.”
“I can refuse no request of such a gallant gentleman, who gives me such excellent cigars,” said Don José, good-naturedly.
And, having asked for the mandolin, he sang to his own accompaniment. His voice was rough, but very agreeable, the tune melancholy and weird; as for the words, I did not understand a syllable.
“If I am not mistaken,” I said, “that is not a Spanish air. It resembles the zorzicos which I have heard in the Provinces,† and the words must be Basque.”
“Yes,” replied Don José, with a gloomy air.
“To the stable,” was the guide’s reply.
“What for? The horses have their feed. Sleep here; the señor will not object.”
“I am afraid the señor’s horse is sick; I would like the señor to see him; perhaps he will know what to do for him.”
It was evident that Antonio wished to speak to me in private; but I had no desire to arouse Don José’s suspicions, and, in view of the footing on which we then stood, it seemed to me that the wisest course was to show the most entire confidence. So I told Antonio that I understood nothing about horses, and that I wished to sleep. Don José went with him to the stable, whence he soon returned alone. He told me that nothing was the matter with the horse, but that my guide considered him such a valuable beast that he was rubbing him with his jacket to make him sweat, and that he proposed to pass the night in that delectable occupation. Meanwhile I had stretched myself out on the mule-blankets, carefully wrapped in my cloak, in order not to come in contact with them. After apologising for the liberty he took in taking his place beside me, Don José lay down before the door, not without renewing the priming of his blunderbuss, which he took care to place under the wallet which served him for a pillow. Five minutes after we had bade each other good-night we were both sound asleep.
Carmen